This is a free book describing the in-depth functioning of the brain.  It can be downloaded as a single file or as individual chapters.  A concise summary of each area of the brain follows:

CEREBRAL CORTEX-The processing technique of the Cerebral Cortex uses a vast number of local cortical oscillators to calculate extremely complex correlations and transformations. One very powerful result of using oscillatory processing is two separate “channels” of processing are inherent in the complex mathematics of oscillatory processing. The layered architecture of the cortex converts these two local mathematical channels into two large-scale physical computational processes. One process is the local processing unique to individual cortical modules. For example, the Visual Cortex correlates contrast elements from the retina into edges as one local process. The second large-scale process is mathematically cross modulating all the actively computed local calculation into a unified perception. This large-scale mathematically explicit binding of different local calculation is consciousness.

BASAL GANGLIA-The processing performed in the Basal Ganglia is a very discrete, high-speed calculation of a set of muscle movement triggers called an “action sequence”. The architecture of the Basal Ganglia matches the best computational architectures used in most computers. The Striatum functions as a mass memory. The Globus Pallidus external segment functions as a Cache (transient high-speed) memory. The Subthalamic Nucleus functions as a Cache memory controller. The Globus Pallidus internal segment functions as a set of execution registers for complex timing of limb movements. The Substantia Nigra pars Reticulata functions as an execution register for timing eye movements earlier than limb movements. The successful or unsuccessful result of an action sequence outcome is subsequently evaluated in the Substantia Nigra pars Compacta.

CEREBELLUM-The Cerebellum and Inferior Olive operate together to calibrate all movements to be perfect. The Inferior Olive is dedicated to detecting positioning errors in all movements. These errors are sent to the Cerebellum on Climbing Fibers. The Cerebellum takes the overall error information to conduct an internal search of combining Mossy Fiber status information into a “calibration factor” for issuing to all movement centers to remove the movement component errors contributing to the global error detected by the Inferior Olive.

BRAIN STEM-The processing in the brainstem is a vast collection of different and dedicated processing required because the processing must be continuously calculated 24/7 or must have the fastest possible processing possible. As an example, the brainstem processing for controlling the eyes is described. For example, the Vestibular Ocular Reflexes for keeping the eyes on the road while driving on a very bumpy road is covered in detail.